Mitochondrial biogenesis is altered in HIV+ brains exposed to ART: Implications for therapeutic targeting of astroglia.
Title | Mitochondrial biogenesis is altered in HIV+ brains exposed to ART: Implications for therapeutic targeting of astroglia. |
Publication Type | Journal Article |
Year of Publication | 2019 |
Authors | Swinton, MK, Carson, A, Telese, F, Sanchez, AB, Soontornniyomkij, B, Rad, L, Batki, I, Quintanilla, B, Pérez-Santiago, J, Achim, CL, Letendre, S, Ellis, RJ, Grant, I, Murphy, AN, Fields, JAdam |
Journal | Neurobiol Dis |
Volume | 130 |
Pagination | 104502 |
Date Published | 2019 10 |
ISSN | 1095-953X |
Keywords | Anti-HIV Agents, Astrocytes, Brain, Cells, Cultured, DNA-Binding Proteins, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Inflammation, Interleukin-1beta, Mitochondria, Mitochondrial Proteins, Neurons, Organelle Biogenesis, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha, Transcription Factors |
Abstract | The neuropathogenesis of HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) involves disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis and increased neuroinflammation. However, it is unknown if alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis in the brain underlie the neuropathogenesis of HAND. In this study, neuropathological and molecular analyses of mitochondrial biogenesis and inflammatory pathways were performed in brain specimens from a well-characterized cohort of HIV+ cases that were on antiretroviral regimens. In vitro investigations using primary human astroglia and neurons were used to probe the underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial alterations. In frontal cortices from HAND brains compared to cognitive normal brains, total levels of transcription factors that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) and transcription factor A, mitochondrial (TFAM) were decreased. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that TFAM was decreased in neurons and increased in astroglia. These changes were accompanied by decreased total mitochondrial DNA per cell and increased levels of messenger RNA for the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β. To determine how IL-1β affects astroglial bioenergetic processes and mitochondrial activity, human astroglial cultures were exposed to recombinant IL-1β. IL-1β induced mitochondrial activity within 30 min of treatment, altered mitochondrial related gene expression, altered mitochondrial morphology, enhanced adenoside triphosphate (ATP) utilization and increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines. WIN55,212-2 (WIN), an aminoalkylindole derivative and cannabinoid receptor agonist, blocked IL-1β-induced bioenergetic fluctuations and inflammatory gene expression in astroglia independent of cannabinoid receptor (CB)1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ. A PPARα antagonist reversed the anti-inflammatory effects of WIN in human astroglia. These results show that mitochondrial biogenesis is differentially regulated in neurons and astroglia in HAND brains and that targeting astroglial bioenergetic processes may be a strategy to modulate neuroinflammation. |
DOI | 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104502 |
Alternate Journal | Neurobiol Dis |
PubMed ID | 31238091 |
PubMed Central ID | PMC6714553 |
Grant List | U24 MH100929 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States P50 DA026306 / DA / NIDA NIH HHS / United States U24 MH100931 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States U24 MH100928 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States R41 NS105177 / NS / NINDS NIH HHS / United States K01 MH115819 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States T32 AI007384 / AI / NIAID NIH HHS / United States P30 MH062512 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States R01 MH105319 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States U24 MH100925 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States U24 MH100930 / MH / NIMH NIH HHS / United States L60 MD013161 / MD / NIMHD NIH HHS / United States |